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【國際關係深度評 🇺🇸🇮🇷🇮🇱】 現實主義大師的「美國空襲伊朗」:「中國又是最大贏家論」,有多準確?

日前談及國際關係學界權威、「進攻性現實主義」奠基人 John Mearsheimer 教授高度批評特朗普讓美國捲入以色列-伊朗戰爭,認為美國參與其中,對各方面戰略考慮都帶來反效果,而且中國還會成為最大贏家。

看過他的理論框架和沙盤推演,我的觀感是這樣的:

先撇除對這次戰爭的具體看法,Mearsheimer 的中東政策觀點是連貫的,也很難不說是符合美國國家利益的。他是勢力範圍論的堅定支持者,認為全世界基本上就是由大國勢力劃分的幾個地緣政治板塊,例如俄羅斯不會容許後院被滲透,這也是他不贊成美國「干預」俄烏戰爭的基本原因。

在他眼中,中東不屬於任何一個大國的勢力範圍,應該是大國之間的緩衝區。幾個中東中型國家都會爭奪「區域霸主」(regional hegemony)地位,但對美國和所有大國而言,避免任何一個中東國家獨大,都是維持區域勢力平衡、不影響更大板塊結構的關鍵。Mearsheimer 擔心如果以色列獨大,在區域內部失去制衡,而又能夠通過猶太游說團「綑綁」、「騎劫」美國外交政策,就很容易讓美國捲入本來可以避免的、和自己切身利益沒有最大關係的戰爭,從而錯配了資源。

這樣的觀點,起碼在理論層面,完全是成立的。

然而回到特朗普空襲伊朗這件事,Mearsheimer 似乎假設美國出手了,就一定等同和上述理論框架的建議背道而馳,特朗普就沒有退路。

這一點卻是和現實不符的。

特朗普的外交動作雖然有不少不連貫之處,但有一點是非常堅定的,就是要盡力避免美國捲入任何曠日持久的戰爭,除非是美國利益直接受到嚴重損害。他也很強調不對中東投放過份資源,情願同時讓幾家獨大,一起「發大財」,更意識到中東的能源對美國已經沒有幾十年前那樣重要。特朗普最終決定出手,固然很可能是受到國內猶太游說團的影響,但他起碼知道不能被內塔尼亞胡過份騎劫、予取予攜,強調行動是「一次性」,還不斷警告以色列收兵。這些接二連三的姿態,都是要杜絕美軍被逼長期捲入的任何可能。

換句話說,理論上,完全可能有一種方法,既滿足美國國內猶太游說團的要求、對國際社會「亮劍」顯示美國實力,同時又繼續滿足 Mearsheimer 的理論框架,避免在中東泥足深陷、保留中東幾個區域強權互相制衡的現狀,從而避免中東任何擦槍走火影響最大板塊之間的互動。

目前看來,特朗普的行動是可以達到上述目標的。

至於這次行動能否真的摧毀伊朗的核能力,相信無論是誰,都心裏有數,明白不可能一次性就徹底所謂「obliterate」 一切。就算伊朗真的出現 regime change,新政權也會堅定推動擁核政策,畢竟伊朗的核野心並非始於這個神權統治的伊斯蘭共和國,而是早在親美巴列維王朝時代就開始;無論有沒有這次空襲,伊朗的決心也不會改變。

既然是這樣,特朗普的行動目前看來是利多於弊的,Mearsheimer 最擔心的結果都是大部份已經避免掉的。如果後續還可以促成各方簽訂(幾年內有效的)和平條約,就超額完成任務了。

【國際關係深度評 🇺🇸🇮🇷🇮🇱】 現實主義大師的「美國空襲伊朗」:「中國又是最大贏家論」,有多準確?

Comments

制度既問題,每年幾多官被下馬,個個都一心搵到錢就移民,點會有心機做到嘢。如果唔係點會成個火箭軍大地震。

Thomas Tsang

標題有中國,但內文又隻字不題。😅 不過有一點我想關於中國嘅係,呢年以色列如取如攜,哈馬斯、真主黨到大佬伊朗,之前講到幾高戰力碰不得,原來竟然只係紙老虎。尤其當初以為邪惡軸心聯盟中俄北伊,幾咁聯成一線,到最後都係打咀炮。數人頭就叫人埋黎但有事都係得把口。國際社會看在眼裡,中國嘅《國威》又幾勁,心中有數吧。

Gary Lee

呢次Trump真係做得唔錯,以伊衝突唔算複雜,各自無能力擴日持久繼續打,Trump策略大路,美國算有賺到,到目前為止,中俄似乎失算咗d。

GBK

To all appearances, the hammer strikes have effectively delivered a chilling effect to anti-American nations and are by far the most effective deterrent to the Axis of Resistance. China and Russia, in particular, are the biggest losers in this conflict, as their self-bluffing bromance in the region have been exposed as an illusion and their influence is in essence rapidly waning. If peace in the Middle East is a dessert mirage, the illusion of dismantling nuclear capabilities could serve as a useful smoke screen for a theocracy long sponsored terrorism with no cards left to play. It might seek to string along its adversaries, biding time until it can recover and fight again. Therefore, the US must restore maximum pressure on the weakening Iran through diplomacy while Israel continues to incapacitate its influence in the Middle East, whether by force or by destabilizing its regime. The US and Israel keep to collaborate closely, guided by Roosevelt’s doctrine of “speak softly and carry a big stick.” Israel, a strategic balancer in the region, wields military strength and a pervasive intelligence network, backed by its superpower ally to foster regional stability and cooperative relations. Like a vigilant hound, Israel relentlessly pursues its strategic interests and gnaw on existential threats in shatters, while the US, as an authoritative hunter, carries a shotgun and gently demands bad boys not to provoke his dog. Persian hardliners know revenge is a dish best served cold, especially when they’re clearly the underdogs. Jewish hawks are mindful of this proverb, not least Netanyahu and Mossad. Meanwhile, Israel could use a fragile truce to stockpile missiles and weapons. Yet the mingling of the excruciating experiences of the Holocaust and ongoing existential threats has long driven the Jewish state to act on the principle the PMs enunciated decade after decade: “preemptive actions” are the cornerstone of national security. If a cold dish is being covertly prepared, Mossad, without scruple, would blow it up in an inconceivable way before it’s served, ensuring its architects are awarded a good prize: send them to have dinner with 70 virgins.

George


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