Neoplatonism and Early Heresy - Dec/5/2022

A QUICK GUIDE TO NEOPLATONISM

The neoplatonists were a group of greek philosophers around 250 AD who drew upon platonic and neopythagorean philosophy to talk about god. While they were not magicians in of themselves, their ideas about the nature of god and reality would be influential for everyone from the church fathers to jewish mystics to islamic polymaths.

According to the neoplatonists, we live in the sensible world. It is all the things we can sense and understand. Things like rocks, trees, meat, dreams, ideas, and women, are all part of the sensible world. But where did it all come from? To answer this question, the Neoplatonists introduced three main ideas: The One, Emmanation, and the many.

Think of yourself. You came from somewhere. You had parents who produced you, and they in turn had parents who produced them, and so on and so on all the way back to the biological Adam and Eve. But something had to cause them, be they sneezed into being by Atum, or evolved over time from some primordial froth, or shaped from clay by Ki. But something had to cause Autm, or Ki, or the primordial froth, and so on and so on until you reach the simplest, earliest, most original state of the world. This is The One. It is the simple, transcendent, and infinite cause of the universe that is furthest from comprehension.

But we live in the sensory world, the thing made of rocks, trees, dreams, ideas, and women, all things that are notably not transcendent. This is the many, the fragments of The One that make up the world. This raises a question: How does an Infinite, transcendent, The One become the finite, manifest world? The neoplatonists answer: Emmanation.

The One has to go through steps to break itself down into the world. These middle-states, called hypostates, are the bread and butter of why Neoplatonism has stuck around for the rest of magical history. Because no two neoplatonists could really agree on exactly how many hypostates there were, what order they would happen in, or their relationship to each other. Discourse around how exactly The One became the many formed the basis for nigh-on two thousand years of theological discussion.

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Early Christians interpreted Neoplatonic ideas as such, equating The One with the father, and the many with Christ, with the Holy Spirit serving as a hypostate between the two.

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Plotinus, as edited by Porphyry, posited some notably more complex hypostates.

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Sharp-eyed viewers may notice the similarities between these complex diagrams, and the kabbalistic tree of life, whose framers were undoubtedly influenced by neoplatonic ideas.

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GNOSTICS

NEOPLATONISM

• Start with Ammonius Saccas and his student Plotinus
• The Big Three: PORPHYRY, IAMBLICUS, AND PLOTINUS
• These ideas would go on to influence MAIMONADES and Thomas Aquinas and MEISTER EXCKHART
• Heavily influenced St. Augustine.
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• Later, you also have renaissance thinker like FICINO and MIRANDOLA who are influenced by the pereniallism
• Note possible indian influence on Ammonius Saccas?
• Whats new?
• Plotinus introduced: The One, Emmanation, and Henosis
• “Both Neoplatonism and Christianity were essentially spiritual philosophies that opposed what they understood to be the materialism of the Stoics.” (routlidge 511)
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• Whats the same?
• Many basic precepts of Platonism and Neo-pythagoreanism
• “Slaveva-Griffin’s chapter on “Number in the metaphysical landscape” (Chapter 13) presents the aspect of Neoplatonism most heavily endorsed by all shades of Platonism and Pythagoreanism: the much acclaimed and debated relation between mathematics and metaphysics” (Routledge 164)
• “As Moran puts it below (p. 512), Neoplatonism “provided an intellectual architecture for articulating theological insights into the nature of the infinite God, the nature of the procession of the Word, the meaning of the Trinity, the nature of creation, and the relation between the soul and the divine”. (Routlidge 506)
• “Neoplatonism is visible particularly in the thinking of the fourth-century Cappadocian Fathers, Basil the Great (330–79 ce), Gregory of Nyssa (c.332–95 ce) and Gregory of Nazianzus (329–389 ce) (for the early Byzantine Neoplatonism, see also Ierodiakonou & Zografidis 2010)” (routlidge 506)
• “Ibn Sīnā and Ibn Rushd” (rout 506)

Whats Important?

• “Porphyry (234–c.305 ce), on the other hand, had explicitly written works, for example, Against the Christians (adversus Christianos, which survives only in fragmentary form), criticizing Christians and their biblical interpretations (see Berchman 2005).” (rout 511)
• “The aim of all things and the explicit aim of Neoplatonic meditation or contemplation (theōria) is becoming one (henōsis). There is an “outgoing” (proodos, exitus) of all things from the One and a corresponding “return” (epistrophē, reditus) of all things to the One.”

Da Big Ideas

• Da One
• Emmanationism
• Demiurge or Nous
• World-Soul
• Phenomenal World
• Celestial Heirarchy: The One > The Hypercosmic > The Demiurge > The Cosmic
• Evil as a scalar, evil as simply the absence of good
• Return to the one
• two main types of Neoplatonic metaphysical discourses (constructive
• and deconstructive or apophatic)
• Whats the big juicy bit of Neoplatonism: What is the exact relationship between The Many and The One
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Da Big Texts

• The Enneads of Plotinus
• Arbor Porphyria
• Porphyry, commentaries on Ptolemy’s Harmonics

Plotinus:

• Hes the big one
• Enneads
• Three Hypostases
• The One > Nous > The World Soul > The Sense World, each separated by a cycle of emmanation and transcendence
• Distinguishes himself from The Gnostics
• What was different? What changed?
• Introduced three big ideas:
• The One
• Emmanation
• Henosis
• What stayed the same?
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Porphyry:

• Edited and pulbished the Enneads
• Student of Plotinus

Iamblicus

• Pupil of Plotinus
• De Mysteriis Aegyptiorum (On the Egyptian Mysteries).
• Sorley, William Ritchie (1911). "Iamblichus, the chief representative of Syrian Neoplatonism". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press

How do you get from an infinite god, to a finite one?

• Hypostases (States which are in-between)
• Kabbalists want to maintain both gods radical transcendence, and gods radical eminence.
• They solve this with three key concepts:
• Ein Sof - The Endless, the infinite, hidden god
• The Sefirot: Enumerations: The ten increasingly knowbale emantions of god’s reality
• The Shekinah: The Dwelling: The feminine, immanent reality of god in the world.

Early Kabbalah

• The Iyyun Circle (The Speculation Circle)
• The Provence Circle (Led by Issac the Blind)

PROCLUS - METAPHYSICAL ELEMENTS

1. Every Multitude partakes in The One - If something isn’t part of The One, then The One is not whole. Nothing is infinite except for the one. Nothing is composed of nothing.
2. Hyparxis - Being, or Essence
3. Basically, the one emanates forms and then those forms undergo hyparxis as instances
4. Causes: The One causes > Being which causes > Life which causes > Intellect which causes > Soul which causes > Body
5. Whats the difference between the Intellect and the Soul?
6. You have to Be to Be alive, that makes sense.
7. You have to be alive to have an intellect, which makes sense
8. You have to have an intellect to have a soul? Hard time with that one. Maybe self-reflection?
9. You gotta be aware to exist in a body?
10. The further from The One a hypostate is, the more power it has over you. (Prop LVII)

PLOTNUS - ENNEADS (Written by Plotinus, compiled by Porphyry)

• What is a living being? And what is a human being?
• 1.1.1. - Pleasures and pains, feelings of fear and boldness, appetites and aversions and feelings of distress – to what do these belong?
• A living being is neither body nor soul, but a third thing that arises from both of these.
• We are the soul, we have a body.
• Against the Gnostics
• Gnostics are critical of the Sensible Universe
• Basically, the Gnostics think the SU is shit, and Neoplatonists see that attitude as a lack of understanding
• 2.9.4 “It is not due to some regrettable failing of Soul that it produced the sensible world.”
• 2.9.5 A critique of three Gnostic views: (i) that human souls are superior to celestial souls; (ii) that there is a soul composed of the elements; and (iii) that there is a ‘new earth’
• Sensible universe <> Intelligible Universe
• “If they should say that soul produced the sensible world as if it had ‘lost its wings’,23 the soul of the universe does not suffer this loss.”
• “Plotinus’ concept of the One is founded on the principle that everything that is conceivable, from the monolithic oneness of Being to the fragmented coherence of Many, has unity.” (Routlidge, 164)
• “ fact, it is clear that a strong pagan tradition informed by Neoplatonism ran parallel to and contended with Christianity for several centuries, and the pagan Neoplatonists were regarded as sages and ascetic holy men (see Edwards 2000).” (Routlidge 511)
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